| Lesson 8 Phần B - Chú thích (Notes on Patterns) B 1 |
| Person | Have | Object | or Not |
| Cô Ba Anh chị Hoàng Anh Chị ấy
|
có " " " " " |
rađiô đồng hồ ti-vi tiền năm đồng chồng |
không? " " " " " |
| Answers: |
| Yes/ No | Person | Have or Not have | Object |
| Có, Không có, Có, Không có, Có, Không có |
tôi tôi chúng tôi tôi tôi chị ấy |
có không có có không có có không có |
(rađiô). (đồng hồ). (ti-vi). (tiền). (năm đồng). (chồng).
|
| Từ vựng | Vocabulary |
| đồng hồ | watch, clock |
| tiền | money |
| đồng | Vietnamese "piastre, dollar" |
| chồng | husband |
| B 2 Questions: |
| At place | have | Object | or Not |
| Ở lớp Ở phố Ở tiểu bang này |
có " "ù |
sinh viên Việt Nam hiệu ăn Việt thành phố lớn |
không? " "
|
| Answers: Affirmative: |
| Yes | At place | Have | Object |
| Có,
|
ở lớp
|
có
|
sinh viên Việt Nam.
|
| Có, ở phố có hiệu ăn Việt. |
| Có, ớ tiểu bang này có thành phố
lớn.
|
| Negative: |
| No | At place | Not have | Object |
| Không, | ở lớp | không có | sinh viên Việt Nam. |
| Không, ở phố không có hiệu ăn Việt. |
| Không, ở tiểu bang này không có thành phố lớn. |
| B 3 Note that, in a statement, chưa comes before the verb while rồi comes at the end of the sentence. Hear the Whole Drill |
| Person | Have | Object | or Not yet |
| Anh Các chị Bà ấy Cô ấy |
có " " "ù |
tự điển đồng hồ tiền chồng |
chưa? " " "
|
| Affirmative answer: |
| Already / not yet | Person | (not yet) have | Object | Already |
| Rồi Chưa |
(tôi) (tôi) |
có chưa có |
(từđiển ) (từđiển). |
rồi. |
| B 4 The world đaõ is often used with chưa, whether action or description is involved. Questions: Hear the Whole Drill |
| Person | Already | State | or Not yet |
| Cô Các anh Chị Ông Bà nội |
đã (có) đã đã |
mệt đói no già |
chưa? " " |
| Person | Already | Action | or Not yet? |
| Anh ấy Chị Ông bà nội
|
( đã) " " |
đi làm hiểu ăn sáng |
chưa? " " |
| Affirmative Answer: |
| Yes | Person | Already | State/ Action | Already |
| Rồi, Rồi,
|
chúng tôi tôi |
đã " |
đói hiểu
|
rồi. " |
| Negative Answer: |
| No | Person | Not yet | State / Action |
| Chưa, " "
|
bà ấy tôi anh ấy |
chưa chưa chưa |
già. hiểu. đi (làm) |
| Từ vựng | Vocabulary |
| đã Verb | already Verb, past |
| ông bà nội | paternal grandparents |
| đi làm | to go to work |
| B 5 Classifiers |
| Many things, especially objects, are
classified according to what kind or shape of thing they are. If we want to talk
about how many of a particular thing there are or any other definite specification, we
have to use another noun, called a classifier, which states which category the object
belongs to. For example, the most general classifier in Vietnamese is the one meaning
'thing'. To say 'the table' one says cái bàn 'thing
table' and to say there are two tables or four TV sets or three dictionaries, that is,
when speaking of tables or TV sets or dictionnaries as discreet items, one says: |
| có hai cái bàn | have two (thing) tables |
| có bốn cái ti-vi | have four (thing) TVs |
| có ba quyển/cuốn từ điển | have three volume dictionaries |
| Not |
| có hai bàn | have two tables |
| có bốn ti-vi | have four TVs |
| có ba từ điển
|
have three dictionaries
|
| General outline for classifier constructions when specifying definiteness: |
| Qualifier | Classifier | Item | Modifier |
| Number mấy bao nhiêu nhiều, (một) vài |
______ | ______ | đó/đấy này Adjective possessor |
| B 5.1 Here are some examples of some classes of things. Practice saying them. |
| Classifier | Item |
| quyển cuốn quyển/cuốn " ______ cái " " " " " " " "
|
từ điển sách sách học vỡ ______ bút viết viết chì bàn ghế radiô cửa cửa sổ nhà |
| Từ vựng | Vocabulary |
| nhiều | many |
| (một) vài | (a few), several |
| sách | book |
| sách học | study text |
| text book | |
| vỡ | notebook, |
| cái | thing, general |
| classifier | |
| bút (No.) | pen |
| cái viết (So.) | pen |
| bút/viết chì | pencil |
| bàn | table |
| ghế | chair |
| cửa sổ | window |
| người con trai | the grown son |
| người con gái | the grown daughter |
| đàn ông | men |
| đàn bà | women |
| người đàn ông | the man |
| người đàn bà | the woman |
| ba người viên | three public |
| chức | servants |
| B 5.2 A classifier can occur with only a number and/ or an adjective, that is, without the other noun, if the context makes it clar what thing the classifier refers to. Hear the Whole Drill |
| Number | Classifier | Adjective |
| một sáu tám ______ tám
|
đứa " " ______ cái |
lơn nhỏ bé ______ lớn
|
| Từ vựng | Vocabulary |
| một đứa lớn | one big one (child) |
| bé | be small |
| mới | be new |
| cũ | be old (Of things) |
| B 6 Hear the Whole Drill |
| Person | Have | How many | Classifier | Item |
| Anh " ______ Cô ấy Họ (Tôi) |
có " ______ có có có |
mấy " ______ mấy mấy hai |
đứa " ______ quyển cái đứa |
con? con gái? ______ từ điển? bàn? (con gái). |
| B 7 Hear the Whole Drill |
| Person | How many | Years | Already |
| Đứa con trai Đứa lớn Em ______ Em
|
mấy bao nhiêu " ______ tám |
tuổi " " ______ tuổi |
(rồi)? " " ______ (rồi). |
Note on kin terms and personal reference |
|
Addressing people and referring to oneself or to others is a complicated business in
Vietnamese. In general there are no pronouns such as 'you', 'she', 'he'. People
refer to themselves and to others, including people they are talking to, in terms of the
relationship that exists between the speaker and the hearer, the speaker and the third
person referred to, or the hearer and the third person referred to. The relationship
in these lessons are primarily those between speakers and hearer, speaker and hearers
usually being the students of the language.
The basic unit in Vietnamese society is the family, and this factor plays an important
role in the expression of personal relationships. Almost all terms of reference are
kinship terms. In this way the language constantly reaffirms and maintains meaningful
relationships. For example, a child referring to itself in speaking to its parents
will use the kin term con meaning ' your child/
offspring'. An older brother referring to himself in speaking to a younger brother or
sister will use anh ' older brother and address that
younger sibling as em 'younger sibling'. If Mrs. A
and Mrs.B, both young mothers are good friends, they will call each other
chị "older sister and refer to themselves as em or
tôi ' I (general)'; they will address each
other's children by Cháu 'niece, nephew', and in
speaking to those chldren refer to themselves as dì ,
cô or bác ' mother's
sister'. If John, from abroad, is a university student in Hanoi and goes to visit
his good friend (anh) Phong, he addresses both Phong's parents in a very respectful
way as bác 'older uncle' (and "Mrs. older
uncle'). He will address his male teachers as thầy'
teacher, master' and address his female teachers as cô 'respected
aunt' and refer to himself as em or tôi. Teachers
will address such a student as em or by his/her given name and will refer to themselves as
thầy or cô
if the student is younger. If the students is old than the teacher, the
teacher will address the students as anh or chị and
refer to himself/herself as tôi. ' (Chào) ông ạ is' more respecful than 'Chào ông 'and '(Chào) bác ạ' is more polite than 'Chào bác'. This chart gives most of the commonly used terms of address and reference. Almost all these terms are used as both 'you' and 'I' and most of them can be used to designate 'he' or 'she'. |
Kinship terms and their use |
| kin meaning | Extended general meaning | |
| cụ | great grandfather/mother | (older) male friend of father, very old gentlemen. |
| ông | grandfather | Mr., Sir |
| bà | grandmother | Mrs., Madam, older woman (respectful) |
| cha | father | priest( catholic, protestant) |
| bố, ba | father | older male colleague/friend (friendly, joking) |
| mẹ, mạ, má | mother | older female colleague/friend (friendly, joking) |
| bác | uncle (father's older brother or wife of father's older brother. | older man/woman;inferior man (respectful) |
| chú | uncle (father's younger brother) | male friend of father, same age man (polite) |
| thím | wife of father's younger brother | young married woman |
| cô | father's sister | Miss, young woman, female teacher. |
| cậu | uncle (mother's brother), father | young male friend |
| dì | mother's sister | older female, female friend of mother |
| anh | older brother | male friend/acquaintance; male sweetheart |
| chị | older sister | female friend/acquaintance; |
| em | younger sibling | child, young friend/student, female sweetheart |
| con | offspring | young child of friend |
| cháu
|
grandchild; niece, nephew
|
child of close
friend/acquaintance.
|
| Here are a few non-kin terms in common use: |
| thầy | male teacher, Buddhist monk, (sometimes father) |
| tôi | I (formely: your servant) |
| mình | self (more intimnate than tôi), you/we (intimate) |